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The Laplace transform is an integral transform perhaps second only to the Fourier transform in its utility in solving physical problems. The Laplace transform is particularly useful in solving linear ordinary differential equations such as those arising in the analysis of electronic circuits.

The (unilateral) Laplace transform

(not to be confused with the Lie derivative, also commonly denoted

) is defined by

L_t[f(t)](s)=int_0^inftyf(t)e^(-st)dt,

(1)

where

f(t)

is defined for

t>=0

(Abramowitz and Stegun 1972). The unilateral Laplace transform is almost always what is meant by "the" Laplace transform, although a bilateral Laplace transform is sometimes also defined as

L_t^((2))[f(t)](s)=int_(-infty)^inftyf(t)e^(-st)dt

(2)

(Oppenheim et al. 1997). The unilateral Laplace transform

L_t[f(t)](s)

is implemented in the Wolfram Language as LaplaceTransform[f[t], t, s] and the inverse Laplace transform as InverseRadonTransform.

The inverse Laplace transform is known as the Bromwich integral, sometimes known as the Fourier-Mellin integral (see also the related Duhamel's convolution principle).

A table of several important one-sided Laplace transforms is given below.

L_t[f(t)](s)

conditions
1

1/s

1/(s^2)

t^n

(n!)/(s^(n+1))

n in Z>=0

t^a

(Gamma(a+1))/(s^(a+1))

R[a]>-1

e^(at)

1/(s-a)

cos(omegat)

s/(s^2+omega^2)

omega in R

sin(omegat)

omega/(s^2+omega^2)

s>|I[omega]|

cosh(omegat)

s/(s^2-omega^2)

s>|R[omega]|

sinh(omegat)

omega/(s^2-omega^2)

s>|I[omega]|

e^(at)sin(bt)

b/((s-a)^2+b^2)

s>a+|I[b]|

e^(at)cos(bt)

(s-a)/((s-a)^2+b^2)

b in R

delta(t-c)

e^(-cs)

H_c(t)

${1/s for c<=0; (e^(-cs))/s for c>0$

J_0(t)

1/(sqrt(s^2+1))

J_n(at)

((sqrt(s^2+a^2)-s)^n)/(a^nsqrt(s^2+a^2))

n in Z>=0

In the above table,

J_0(t)

is the zeroth-order Bessel function of the first kind,

delta(t)

is the delta function, and

H_c(t)

is the Heaviside step function.

The Laplace transform has many important properties. The Laplace transform existence theorem states that, if

f(t)

is piecewise continuous on every finite interval in

[0,infty)

satisfying

|f(t)|<=Me^(at)

(3)

for all

t in [0,infty)

, then

L_t[f(t)](s)

exists for all

s>a

. The Laplace transform is also unique, in the sense that, given two functions

F_1(t)

and

F_2(t)

with the same transform so that

L_t[F_1(t)](s)=L_t[F_2(t)](s)=f(s),

(4)

then Lerch's theorem guarantees that the integral

int_0^aN(t)dt=0

(5)

vanishes for all

a>0

for a null function defined by

N(t)=F_1(t)-F_2(t).

(6)

The Laplace transform is linear since

L_t[af(t)+bg(t)]

int_0^infty[af(t)+bg(t)]e^(-st)dt

(7)

aint_0^inftyfe^(-st)dt+bint_0^inftyge^(-st)dt

(8)

aL_t[f(t)]+bL_t[g(t)].

(9)

The Laplace transform of a convolution is given by

L_t[f(t)*g(t)]=L_t[f(t)]L_t[g(t)]
L_t^(-1)[FG]=L_t^(-1)[F]*L_t^(-1)[G].

(10)

Now consider differentiation. Let

f(t)

be continuously differentiable

n-1

times in

[0,infty)

. If

|f(t)|<=Me^(at)

, then

L_t[f^((n))(t)](s)=s^nL_t[f(t)]-s^(n-1)f(0)-s^(n-2)f^'(0)-...-f^((n-1))(0).

(11)

This can be proved by integration by parts,

L_t[f^'(t)](s)

lim_(a->infty)int_0^ae^(-st)f^'(t)dt

(12)

$lim_(a->infty){[e^(-st)f(t)]_0^a+sint_0^ae^(-st)f(t)dt}$

(13)

lim_(a->infty)[e^(-sa)f(a)-f(0)+sint_0^ae^(-st)f(t)dt]

(14)

sL_t[f(t)]-f(0).

(15)

Continuing for higher-order derivatives then gives

L_t[f^('')(t)](s)=s^2L_t[f(t)](s)-sf(0)-f^'(0).

(16)

This property can be used to transform differential equations into algebraic equations, a procedure known as the Heaviside calculus, which can then be inverse transformed to obtain the solution. For example, applying the Laplace transform to the equation

f^('')(t)+a_1f^'(t)+a_0f(t)=0